Orofacial musculoskeletal pain: An evidence-based bio-psycho-social matrix model

Pain is a multidimensional experience comprising sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. Clinical research findings have demonstrated complex interplay between social burdens, individual coping strategies, mood states, psychological disorders, sleep disturbances, masticatory muscle tone, orofacial musculoskeletal pain. Accordingly, current classification systems for pain require psychosocial assessments to be an integral part of the diagnostic process. Here, we review evidence on how biological factors may generate perpetuate Specifically, discuss studies investigating putative causal relationship stress, bruxism, in system. We present that attribute brain structures various roles modulating perception pain-related behavior. also examine nervous immune system cellular molecular levels account nociceptive signaling. Furthermore, pointing towards associations neuroendocrine imbalances, alterations circadian timing conclude with several proposals help alleviate future.